Biography Of Joseph Schumpeter ( 1883-1950 ) - 933 Words

Introduction Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) was one of the most original and influential social scientists of the 20th century. He was born and bred in Vienna. He pursued both law and economics. His adult life was dedicated to academics, but he also ventured into politics where he became a finance minister after World War I. He also worked as a banker. He was a professor at the University of Bonn in 1925 and later at Harvard University in 1932 where he lectured until his death. He published numerous books including the Theory of Economics (1911) and Business Cycles (1939). From very early, he focused his study on the role of innovation in economic and social change. Also, he explored the duty of the entrepreneur for successful innovations (Fagerberg 2006). The essay explores Schumpeter’s legacy with respect to both understanding entrepreneurship and innovation and application of that understanding. Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is an organized effort that is aimed at pursuing a unique, innovative opportunity so as to make quick, profitable growth. Similarly, entrepreneurial opportunities are those circumstances where new goods, services, raw materials and organizing methods may be brought into the market at be sold at a higher value than their cost of production. These opportunities can be differentiated from other opportunities for profit since they entail the discovery of new means-ends relationships and not building on the existing means-end structures (Legge andShow MoreRelatedEntrepreneurship: Venture Capital and International Information Programs12997 Words   |  52 Pagesinnovation. Still other economists say that entrepreneurs develop new goods or processes that the market demands and are not currently being supplied. In the 20th century, economist Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) focused on how the entrepreneur’s drive for innovation and improvement creates upheaval and chan ge. Schumpeter viewed entrepreneurship as a force of â€Å"creative destruction.† The entrepreneur carries out â€Å"new combinations,† thereby helping render old industries obsolete. Established ways of doing

The Effects of Immigrants in America - 1739 Words

United States History The Effects of Immigrants in America The United States of America today resembles a melting pot, because it is filled with many different ethnicities, cultures, and religions, due to the incoming immigrants from different countries. However, there was a time when immigrants were a threat to America, were despised due to economic conflicts, and were socially unaccepted because of their differences. The presence of Immigrants during the 1920s significantly affected America socially and economically, increasing negative attitudes towards the â€Å"new immigrants† as evidenced by the First Red Scare, labor and workforce, and societies and neighborhoods. The American domestic policy was greatly affected in immigration policy and the rights of workers due to the fear of communism. Russia’s Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 created communism and caused the United states to experience the first Red Scare. Many people feared the presence of immigrants so much, that they were willing to go to extremes to eliminate them, â€Å"series of attacks in the United States, 1919–1920, on suspected socialists, anarchists, and communists, under the authority of Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer† (Encyclopedia of the Interwar Years). Palmer abused his authority, because of his political beliefs and arrested about 10,000 people of German ancestry, accusing them of being socialists and communists.The extreme nature of legislative acts, such as the Alien and Sedition Acts,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Undocumented Immigrants In America1321 Words   |  6 Pageslacked health insurance, and this has dropped to 13% after the ACA took effect. (Williams, 2016). Other estimates have suggested a smaller decrease of 20% to 15% (Born, 2017). Florida experienced the highest enrollment in ACA plans of any state with 1.5 million enrollees in 2016 (Williams, 2016). Increased health insurance coverage appears to have translated to increased access to medical care. Shortly after the ACA took effect, Florida experienced an increase of 1 million physician visits per yearRead MoreEffects of Illegal Immigrants from Mexico on America Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesToday, there are about 11.7 million immigrants living in the US illegally, and that number has been at a steady incline over the years. As a desperate escape from their harsh realities at home, many go the illegal route due to our lengthy and expensive citizenship process. Illegal immigrants come to America for numerous reasons, and impact Americans in many ways; it is time that a solution is made to resolve this issue. 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The Da Vinci Code Chapter 56-59 Free Essays

CHAPTER 56 Sophie stared at Teabing a long moment and then turned to Langdon. â€Å"The Holy Grail is a person?† Langdon nodded. â€Å"A woman, in fact. We will write a custom essay sample on The Da Vinci Code Chapter 56-59 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † From the blank look on Sophie’s face, Langdon could tell they had already lost her. He recalled having a similar reaction the first time he heard the statement. It was not until he understood the symbology behind the Grail that the feminine connection became clear. Teabing apparently had a similar thought. â€Å"Robert, perhaps this is the moment for the symbologist to clarify?† He went to a nearby end table, found a piece of paper, and laid it in front of Langdon. Langdon pulled a pen from his pocket. â€Å"Sophie, are you familiar with the modern icons for male and female?† He drew the common male symbol The Da Vinci Code The Da Vinci Code â€Å"Of course,† she said. â€Å"These,† he said quietly,† are not the original symbols for male and female. Many people incorrectly assume the male symbol is derived from a shield and spear, while the female symbol represents a mirror reflecting beauty. In fact, the symbols originated as ancient astronomical symbols for the planet-god Mars and planet-goddess Venus. The original symbols are far simpler.† Langdon drew another icon on the paper. The Da Vinci Code â€Å"This symbol is the original icon for male,†he told her. â€Å"A rudimentary phallus.† â€Å"Quite to the point,† Sophie said. â€Å"As it were,† Teabing added. Langdon went on. â€Å"This icon is formally known as the blade, and it represents aggression and manhood. In fact, this exact phallus symbol is still used today on modern military uniforms to denote rank.† â€Å"Indeed.† Teabing grinned. â€Å"The more penises you have, the higher your rank. Boys will be boys.† Langdon winced. â€Å"Moving on, the female symbol, as you might imagine, is the exact opposite.† He drew another symbol on the page. â€Å"This is called the chalice.† The Da Vinci Code Sophie glanced up, looking surprised. Langdon could see she had made the connection. â€Å"The chalice,† he said,† resembles a cup or vessel, and more important, it resembles the shape of a woman’s womb. This symbol communicates femininity, womanhood, and fertility.† Langdon looked directly at her now.† Sophie, legend tells us the Holy Grail is a chalice – a cup. But the Grail’s description as a chaliceis actually an allegory to protect the true nature of the Holy Grail. That is to say, the legend uses the chalice as a metaphor for something far more important.† â€Å"A woman,† Sophie said. â€Å"Exactly.† Langdon smiled. â€Å"The Grail is literally the ancient symbol for womanhood, and the Holy Grail represents the sacred feminine and the goddess, which of course has now been lost, virtually eliminated by the Church. The power of the female and her ability to produce life was once very sacred, but it posed a threat to the rise of the predominantly male Church, and so the sacred feminine was demonized and called unclean. It was man, not God, who created the concept of â€Å"original sin,† whereby Eve tasted of the apple and caused the downfall of the human race. Woman, once the sacred giver of life, was now the enemy.† â€Å"I should add,† Teabing chimed,† that this concept of woman as life-bringer was the foundation of ancient religion. Childbirth was mystical and powerful. Sadly, Christian philosophy decided to embezzle the female’s creative power by ignoring biological truth and making man the Creator. Genesis tells us that Eve was created from Adam’s rib. Woman became an offshoot of man. And a sinful one at that. Genesis was the beginning of the end for the goddess.† â€Å"The Grail,† Langdon said,† is symbolic of the lost goddess. When Christianity came along, the old pagan religions did not die easily. Legends of chivalric quests for the lost Grail were in fact stories of forbidden quests to find the lost sacred feminine. Knights who claimed to be† searching for the chalice† were speaking in code as a way to protect themselves from a Church that had subjugated women, banished the Goddess, burned nonbelievers, and forbidden the pagan reverence for the sacred feminine.† Sophie shook her head. â€Å"I’m sorry, when you said the Holy Grail was a person, I thought you meant it was an actual person.† â€Å"It is,† Langdon said. â€Å"And not just any person,† Teabing blurted, clambering excitedly to his feet. â€Å"A woman who carried with her a secret so powerful that, if revealed, it threatened to devastate the very foundation of Christianity!† Sophie looked overwhelmed. â€Å"Is this woman well known in history?† â€Å"Quite.† Teabing collected his crutches and motioned down the hall. â€Å"And if we adjourn to the study, my friends, it would be my honor to show you Da Vinci’s painting of her.† Two rooms away, in the kitchen, manservant Remy Legaludec stood in silence before a television. The news station was broadcasting photos of a man and woman†¦ the same two individuals to whom Remy had just served tea. CHAPTER 57 Standing at the roadblock outside the Depository Bank of Zurich, Lieutenant Collet wondered what was taking Fache so long to come up with the search warrant. The bankers were obviously hiding something. They claimed Langdon and Neveu had arrived earlier and were turned away from the bank because they did not have proper account identification. So why won’t they let us inside for a look? Finally, Collet’s cellular phone rang. It was the command post at the Louvre. â€Å"Do we have a search warrant yet?† Collet demanded. â€Å"Forget about the bank, Lieutenant,† the agent told him. â€Å"We just got a tip. We have the exact location where Langdon and Neveu are hiding.† Collet sat down hard on the hood of his car. â€Å"You’re kidding.† â€Å"I have an address in the suburbs. Somewhere near Versailles.† â€Å"Does Captain Fache know?† â€Å"Not yet. He’s busy on an important call.† â€Å"I’m on my way. Have him call as soon as he’s free.† Collet took down the address and jumped in his car. As he peeled away from the bank, Collet realized he had forgotten to ask who had tipped DCPJ off to Langdon’s location. Not that it mattered. Collet had been blessed with a chance to redeem his skepticism and earlier blunders. He was about to make the most high-profile arrest of his career. Collet radioed the five cars accompanying him. â€Å"No sirens, men. Langdon can’t know we’re coming.† Forty kilometers away, a black Audi pulled off a rural road and parked in the shadows on the edge of a field. Silas got out and peered through the rungs of the wrought-iron fence that encircled the vast compound before him. He gazed up the long moonlit slope to the chateau in the distance. The downstairs lights were all ablaze. Odd for this hour, Silas thought, smiling. The information the Teacher had given him was obviously accurate. I will not leave this house without the keystone, he vowed. I will not fail the bishop and the Teacher. Checking the thirteen-round clip in his Heckler Koch, Silas pushed it through the bars and let it fall onto the mossy ground inside the compound. Then, gripping the top of the fence, he heaved himself up and over, dropping to the ground on the other side. Ignoring the slash of pain from his cilice, Silas retrieved his gun and began the long trek up the grassy slope. CHAPTER 58 Teabing’s† study† was like no study Sophie had ever seen. Six or seven times larger than even the most luxurious of office spaces, the knight’s cabinet de travail resembled an ungainly hybrid of science laboratory, archival library, and indoor flea market. Lit by three overhead chandeliers, the boundless tile floor was dotted with clustered islands of worktables buried beneath books, artwork, artifacts, and a surprising amount of electronic gear – computers, projectors, microscopes, copy machines, and flatbed scanners. â€Å"I converted the ballroom,† Teabing said, looking sheepish as he shuffled into the room. â€Å"I have little occasion to dance.† Sophie felt as if the entire night had become some kind of twilight zone where nothing was as she expected. â€Å"This is all for your work?† â€Å"Learning the truth has become my life’s love,† Teabing said. â€Å"And the Sangreal is my favorite mistress.† The Holy Grail is a woman, Sophie thought, her mind a collage of interrelated ideas that seemed to make no sense. â€Å"You said you have a picture of this woman who you claim is the Holy Grail.† â€Å"Yes, but it is not I who claim she is the Grail. Christ Himself made that claim.† â€Å"Which one is the painting?† Sophie asked, scanning the walls.† Hmmm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Teabing made a show of seeming to have forgotten. â€Å"The Holy Grail. The Sangreal. The Chalice.† He wheeled suddenly and pointed to the far wall. On it hung an eight-foot-long print of The Last Supper, the same exact image Sophie had just been looking at. â€Å"There she is!† Sophie was certain she had missed something. â€Å"That’s the same painting you just showed me.† He winked. â€Å"I know, but the enlargement is so much more exciting. Don’t you think?† Sophie turned to Langdon for help. â€Å"I’m lost.† Langdon smiled. â€Å"As it turns out, the Holy Grail does indeed make an appearance in The LastSupper.Leonardo included her prominently.† â€Å"Hold on,† Sophie said. â€Å"You told me the Holy Grail is a woman.The Last Supper is a painting of thirteen men.† â€Å"Is it?† Teabing arched his eyebrows. â€Å"Take a closer look.† Uncertain, Sophie made her way closer to the painting, scanning the thirteen figures – Jesus Christ in the middle, six disciples on His left, and six on His right. â€Å"They’re all men,† she confirmed. â€Å"Oh?† Teabing said. â€Å"How about the one seated in the place of honor, at the right hand of the Lord?† Sophie examined the figure to Jesus’ immediate right, focusing in. As she studied the person’s face and body, a wave of astonishment rose within her. The individual had flowing red hair, delicate folded hands, and the hint of a bosom. It was, without a doubt†¦ female. â€Å"That’s a woman!† Sophie exclaimed. Teabing was laughing. â€Å"Surprise, surprise. Believe me, it’s no mistake. Leonardo was skilled at painting the difference between the sexes.† Sophie could not take her eyes from the woman beside Christ. The Last Supper is supposed to be thirteen men.Who is this woman? Although Sophie had seen this classic image many times, she had not once noticed this glaring discrepancy. â€Å"Everyone misses it,† Teabing said. â€Å"Our preconceived notions of this scene are so powerful that our mind blocks out the incongruity and overrides our eyes.† â€Å"It’s known as skitoma,†Langdon added. â€Å"The brain does it sometimes with powerful symbols.† â€Å"Another reason you might have missed the woman,† Teabing said,† is that many of the photographs in art books were taken before 1954, when the details were still hidden beneath layers of grime and several restorative repaintings done by clumsy hands in the eighteenth century. Now, at last, the fresco has been cleaned down to Da Vinci’s original layer of paint.† He motioned to the photograph. â€Å"Et voila!† Sophie moved closer to the image. The woman to Jesus’ right was young and pious-looking, with a demure face, beautiful red hair, and hands folded quietly. This is the woman who singlehandedly could crumble the Church? â€Å"Who is she?† Sophie asked. â€Å"That, my dear,† Teabing replied,† is Mary Magdalene.† Sophie turned. â€Å"The prostitute?† Teabing drew a short breath, as if the word had injured him personally. â€Å"Magdalene was no such thing. That unfortunate misconception is the legacy of a smear campaign launched by the early Church. The Church needed to defame Mary Magdalene in order to cover up her dangerous secret – her role as the Holy Grail.† â€Å"Her role?† â€Å"As I mentioned,† Teabing clarified,† the early Church needed to convince the world that the mortal prophet Jesus was a divine being. Therefore, any gospels that described earthly aspects of Jesus’ life had to be omitted from the Bible. Unfortunately for the early editors, one particularly troubling earthly theme kept recurring in the gospels. Mary Magdalene.† He paused. â€Å"More specifically, her marriage to Jesus Christ.† â€Å"I beg your pardon?† Sophie’s eyes moved to Langdon and then back to Teabing. â€Å"It’s a matter of historical record,† Teabing said,† and Da Vinci was certainly aware of that fact. The Last Supper practically shouts at the viewer that Jesus and Magdalene were a pair.† Sophie glanced back to the fresco. â€Å"Notice that Jesus and Magdalene are clothed as mirror images of one another.† Teabing pointed to the two individuals in the center of the fresco. Sophie was mesmerized. Sure enough, their clothes were inverse colors. Jesus wore a red robe and blue cloak; Mary Magdalene wore a blue robe and red cloak. Yin and yang. â€Å"Venturing into the more bizarre,† Teabing said,† note that Jesus and His bride appear to be joined at the hip and are leaning away from one another as if to create this clearly delineated negative space between them.† Even before Teabing traced the contour for her, Sophie saw it – the indisputable V shape at the focal point of the painting. It was the same symbol Langdon had drawn earlier for the Grail, the chalice, and the female womb. â€Å"Finally,† Teabing said,† if you view Jesus and Magdalene as compositional elements rather than as people, you will see another obvious shape leap out at you.† He paused. â€Å"A letter of the alphabet.† Sophie saw it at once. To say the letter leapt out at her was an understatement. The letter was suddenly all Sophie could see. Glaring in the center of the painting was the unquestionable outline of an enormous, flawlessly formed letter M. â€Å"A bit too perfect for coincidence, wouldn’t you say?† Teabing asked. Sophie was amazed. â€Å"Why is it there?† Teabing shrugged. â€Å"Conspiracy theorists will tell you it stands for Matrimonio or Mary Magdalene. To be honest, nobody is certain. The only certainty is that the hidden M is no mistake. Countless Grail-related works contain the hidden letter M – whether as watermarks, underpaintings, or compositional allusions. The most blatant M, of course, is emblazoned on the altar at Our Lady of Paris in London, which was designed by a former Grand Master of the Priory of Sion, Jean Cocteau.† Sophie weighed the information. â€Å"I’ll admit, the hidden M’s are intriguing, although I assume nobody is claiming they are proof of Jesus’ marriage to Magdalene.† â€Å"No, no,† Teabing said, going to a nearby table of books. â€Å"As I said earlier, the marriage of Jesus and Mary Magdalene is part of the historical record.† He began pawing through his book collection. â€Å"Moreover, Jesus as a married man makes infinitely more sense than our standard biblical view of Jesus as a bachelor.† â€Å"Why?† Sophie asked. â€Å"Because Jesus was a Jew,† Langdon said, taking over while Teabing searched for his book,† and the social decorum during that time virtually forbid a Jewish man to be unmarried. According to Jewish custom, celibacy was condemned, and the obligation for a Jewish father was to find a suitable wife for his son. If Jesus were not married, at least one of the Bible’s gospels would have mentioned it and offered some explanation for His unnatural state of bachelorhood.† Teabing located a huge book and pulled it toward him across the table. The leather-bound edition was poster-sized, like a huge atlas. The cover read: The Gnostic Gospels.Teabing heaved it open, and Langdon and Sophie joined him. Sophie could see it contained photographs of what appeared to be magnified passages of ancient documents – tattered papyrus with handwritten text. She did not recognize the ancient language, but the facing pages bore typed translations. â€Å"These are photocopies of the Nag Hammadi and Dead Sea scrolls, which I mentioned earlier,† Teabing said. â€Å"The earliest Christian records. Troublingly, they do not match up with the gospels in the Bible.† Flipping toward the middle of the book, Teabing pointed to a passage. â€Å"The Gospel of Philip is always a good place to start.† Sophie read the passage: And the companion of the Saviour is Mary Magdalene. Christ loved her more than all the disciples and used to kiss her often on her mouth. The rest of the disciples were offended by it and expressed disapproval. They said to him,† Why do you love her more than all of us?† The words surprised Sophie, and yet they hardly seemed conclusive. â€Å"It says nothing of marriage.† â€Å"Au contraire.† Teabing smiled, pointing to the first line. â€Å"As any Aramaic scholar will tell you, the word companion, in those days, literally meant spouse.† Langdon concurred with a nod. Sophie read the first line again. And the companion of the Saviour is Mary Magdalene. Teabing flipped through the book and pointed out several other passages that, to Sophie’s surprise, clearly suggested Magdalene and Jesus had a romantic relationship. As she read the passages, Sophie recalled an angry priest who had banged on her grandfather’s door when she was a schoolgirl. â€Å"Is this the home of Jacques Sauniere?† the priest had demanded, glaring down at young Sophie when she pulled open the door. â€Å"I want to talk to him about this editorial he wrote.† The priest held up a newspaper. Sophie summoned her grandfather, and the two men disappeared into his study and closed the door. My grandfather wrote something in the paper? Sophie immediately ran to the kitchen and flipped through that morning’s paper. She found her grandfather’s name on an article on the second page. She read it. Sophie didn’t understand all of what was said, but it sounded like the French government, under pressure from priests, had agreed to ban an American movie called The Last Temptation of Christ, which was about Jesus having sex with a lady called Mary Magdalene. Her grandfather’s article said the Church was arrogant and wrong to ban it. No wonder the priest is mad, Sophie thought. â€Å"It’s pornography! Sacrilege!† the priest yelled, emerging from the study and storming to the front door. â€Å"How can you possibly endorse that! This American Martin Scorsese is a blasphemer, and the Church will permit him no pulpit in France!† The priest slammed the door on his way out. When her grandfather came into the kitchen, he saw Sophie with the paper and frowned. â€Å"You’re quick.† Sophie said,† You think Jesus Christ had a girlfriend?† â€Å"No, dear, I said the Church should not be allowed to tell us what notions we can and can’t entertain.† â€Å"Did Jesus have a girlfriend?† Her grandfather was silent for several moments. â€Å"Would it be so bad if He did?† Sophie considered it and then shrugged. â€Å"I wouldn’t mind.† Sir Leigh Teabing was still talking. â€Å"I shan’t bore you with the countless references to Jesus and Magdalene’s union. That has been explored ad nauseum by modern historians. I would, however, like to point out the following.† He motioned to another passage. â€Å"This is from the Gospel of Mary Magdalene.† Sophie had not known a gospel existed in Magdalene’s words. She read the text: And Peter said,† Did the Saviour really speak with a woman without our knowledge? Are we to turn about and all listen to her? Did he prefer her to us?† And Levi answered,† Peter, you have always been hot-tempered. Now I see you contending against the woman like an adversary. If the Saviour made her worthy, who are you indeed to reject her? Surely the Saviour knows her very well. That is why he loved her more than us.† â€Å"The woman they are speaking of,† Teabing explained,† is Mary Magdalene. Peter is jealous of her.† â€Å"Because Jesus preferred Mary?† â€Å"Not only that. The stakes were far greater than mere affection. At this point in the gospels, Jesus suspects He will soon be captured and crucified. So He gives Mary Magdalene instructions on how to carry on His Church after He is gone. As a result, Peter expresses his discontent over playing second fiddle to a woman. I daresay Peter was something of a sexist.† Sophie was trying to keep up. â€Å"This is Saint Peter. The rock on which Jesus built His Church.† â€Å"The same, except for one catch. According to these unaltered gospels, it was not Peter to whom Christ gave directions with which to establish the Christian Church. It was Mary Magdalene.† Sophie looked at him. â€Å"You’re saying the Christian Church was to be carried on by a woman?† â€Å"That was the plan. Jesus was the original feminist. He intended for the future of His Church to be in the hands of Mary Magdalene.† â€Å"And Peter had a problem with that,† Langdon said, pointing to The Last Supper. â€Å"That’s Peter there. You can see that Da Vinci was well aware of how Peter felt about Mary Magdalene.† Again, Sophie was speechless. In the painting, Peter was leaning menacingly toward Mary Magdalene and slicing his blade-like hand across her neck. The same threatening gesture as in Madonna of the Rocks! â€Å"And here too,† Langdon said, pointing now to the crowd of disciples near Peter. â€Å"A bit ominous, no?† Sophie squinted and saw a hand emerging from the crowd of disciples. â€Å"Is that hand wielding a dagger?† â€Å"Yes. Stranger still, if you count the arms, you’ll see that this hand belongs to†¦ no one at all. It’s disembodied. Anonymous.† Sophie was starting to feel overwhelmed. â€Å"I’m sorry, I still don’t understand how all of this makes Mary Magdalene the Holy Grail.† â€Å"Aha!† Teabing exclaimed again. â€Å"Therein lies the rub!† He turned once more to the table and pulled out a large chart, spreading it out for her. It was an elaborate genealogy. â€Å"Few people realize that Mary Magdalene, in addition to being Christ’s right hand, was a powerful woman already.† Sophie could now see the title of the family tree. THE TRIBE OF BENJAMIN â€Å"Mary Magdalene is here,† Teabing said, pointing near the top of the genealogy. Sophie was surprised. â€Å"She was of the House of Benjamin?† â€Å"Indeed,† Teabing said. â€Å"Mary Magdalene was of royal descent.† â€Å"But I was under the impression Magdalene was poor.† Teabing shook his head. â€Å"Magdalene was recast as a whore in order to erase evidence of her powerful family ties.† Sophie found herself again glancing at Langdon, who again nodded. She turned back to Teabing. â€Å"But why would the early Church care if Magdalene had royal blood?† The Briton smiled. â€Å"My dear child, it was not Mary Magdalene’s royal blood that concerned the Church so much as it was her consorting with Christ, who also had royal blood. As you know, the Book of Matthew tells us that Jesus was of the House of David. A descendant of King Solomon – King of the Jews. By marrying into the powerful House of Benjamin, Jesus fused two royal bloodlines, creating a potent political union with the potential of making a legitimate claim to the throne and restoring the line of kings as it was under Solomon.† Sophie sensed he was at last coming to his point. Teabing looked excited now. â€Å"The legend of the Holy Grail is a legend about royal blood. When Grail legend speaks of ‘the chalice that held the blood of Christ’†¦ it speaks, in fact, of Mary Magdalene – the female womb that carried Jesus’ royal bloodline.† The words seemed to echo across the ballroom and back before they fully registered in Sophie’s mind. Mary Magdalene carried the royal bloodline of Jesus Christ?† But how could Christ have a bloodline unless†¦ ?† She paused and looked at Langdon. Langdon smiled softly. â€Å"Unless they had a child.† Sophie stood transfixed.† Behold,† Teabing proclaimed,† the greatest cover-up in human history. Not only was Jesus Christ married, but He was a father. My dear, Mary Magdalene was the Holy Vessel. She was the chalice that bore the royal bloodline of Jesus Christ. She was the womb that bore the lineage, and the vine from which the sacred fruit sprang forth!† Sophie felt the hairs stand up on her arms. â€Å"But how could a secret that big be kept quiet all of these years?† â€Å"Heavens!† Teabing said. â€Å"It has been anything but quiet! The royal bloodline of Jesus Christ is the source of the most enduring legend of all time – the Holy Grail. Magdalene’s story has been shouted from the rooftops for centuries in all kinds of metaphors and languages. Her story is everywhere once you open your eyes.† â€Å"And the Sangreal documents?† Sophie said. â€Å"They allegedly contain proof that Jesus had a royal bloodline?† â€Å"They do.† â€Å"So the entire Holy Grail legend is all about royal blood?† â€Å"Quite literally,† Teabing said. â€Å"The word Sangreal derives from San Greal – or Holy Grail. But in its most ancient form, the word Sangreal was divided in a different spot.† Teabing wrote on a piece of scrap paper and handed it to her. She read what he had written. Sang Real Instantly, Sophie recognized the translation. Sang Real literally meant Royal Blood. CHAPTER 59 The male receptionist in the lobby of the Opus Dei headquarters on Lexington Avenue in New York City was surprised to hear Bishop Aringarosa’s voice on the line. â€Å"Good evening, sir.† â€Å"Have I had any messages?† the bishop demanded, sounding unusually anxious.† Yes, sir. I’m very glad you called in. I couldn’t reach you in your apartment. You had an urgent phone message about half an hour ago.† â€Å"Yes?† He sounded relieved by the news. â€Å"Did the caller leave a name?† â€Å"No, sir, just a number.† The operator relayed the number. â€Å"Prefix thirty-three? That’s France, am I right?† â€Å"Yes, sir. Paris. The caller said it was critical you contact him immediately.† â€Å"Thank you. I have been waiting for that call.† Aringarosa quickly severed the connection. As the receptionist hung up the receiver, he wondered why Aringarosa’s phone connection sounded so crackly. The bishop’s daily schedule showed him in New York this weekend, and yet he sounded a world away. The receptionist shrugged it off. Bishop Aringarosa had been acting very strangely the last few months. My cellular phone must not have been receiving, Aringarosa thought as the Fiat approached the exit for Rome’s Ciampino Charter Airport. The Teacher was trying to reach me.Despite Aringarosa’s concern at having missed the call, he felt encouraged that the Teacher felt confident enough to call Opus Dei headquarters directly. Things must have gone well in Paris tonight. As Aringarosa began dialing the number, he felt excited to know he would soon be in Paris. I’ll beon the ground before dawn.Aringarosa had a chartered turbo prop awaiting him here for the short flight to France. Commercial carriers were not an option at this hour, especially considering the contents of his briefcase. The line began to ring. A female voice answered. â€Å"Direction Centrale Police Judidaire.† Aringarosa felt himself hesitate. This was unexpected. â€Å"Ah, yes†¦ I was asked to call this number?† â€Å"Qui etes-vous?† the woman said. â€Å"Your name?† Aringarosa was uncertain if he should reveal it. The French Judicial Police? â€Å"Your name, monsieur?† the woman pressed. â€Å"Bishop Manuel Aringarosa.† â€Å"Un moment.† There was a click on the line. After a long wait, another man came on, his tone gruff and concerned. â€Å"Bishop, I am glad I finally reached you. You and I have much to discuss.† How to cite The Da Vinci Code Chapter 56-59, Essay examples

Technology Essay Introduction Example For Students

Technology Essay Introduction Technology PaperIntroductionWhen mainframe and minicomputers providedthe backbone of business computing, there were essentially networked environmentsin the sense that dumb terminals shared access to a single processor(the minicomputer or mainframe), printer (or printers) and other peripheraldevices. Files could be shared among users because they were storedon the same machine. Electrical and operational connections wereavailable in common and shared applications, and implementation of newhardware, software and users was a simple task so long as a single vendorwas used. With the proliferation of microcomputers in the businessenvironment, information became distributed, located on the various harddrives attached to personal computers in an office, and difficult for otherusers to access. Today, network systems which connect disparate hardware,software and peripherals are commonplace, but the communication programwhich makes using these systems has not kept up with the demand for suchen vironments, although a number of companies are now participating in thefield. This research considers two of the most popular network operatingsystems (NOS), NetWare by Novell and Windows NT by Microsoft, and considerswhich is appropriate for business applications. Network Operating SystemsOperating systems are the interface betweenindividual programs and the user. Through the operating system, theuser is able to name files, move them and otherwise manipulate them, andissue commands to the computer as to what the user wants to do. Networkoperating systems are similar to this, but exist (as the name implies)in the network environment. Thus a network operating system is usedto issue commands to shared devices, and to provide a background againstwhich scarce resources are divided among competing users. Ideally,the network operating system is transparent to the user, who is only awareof the ability to share information and resources. An efficient NOScan make the difference between a productive and an unproductive office,and between workers who are difficult to replace when they leave and thosewho are likely to be familiar with the NOS of choice. Despite their importance, network operatingsystems have faced challenges in the market because of the diverse hardwarerequirements that they must meet. Because of this, several differentoperating systems have been developed, some of which run in place of traditional(single-user) operating systems, and some of which run in addition to thesesystems. OS/2, for example, provides a multi-user environment withoutrequiring a separate operating system. NOS development gained widespread acceptancewhen companies such as Artisoft (which manufactures Lantastic) introducedclient software which worked with a variety of servers. This madesoftware manufactured by companies such as Novell (which required specialclient-side networking software) vulnerable, and Microsofts Windows 95quickly became the client software of choice in the market (although notalways among analysts) when it was introduced since it can interface witha number of different server systems with complete transparency to theuser. This is the same concept used to develop OS/2 Warp Connect. Comparison CriteriaBecause of the current state of the market,having 32-bit capability is a requirement in most network environments. The various NOS alternatives need to offer a strong file and print base,since that is how most users access and use the networks. Applicationservices, which includes the ability to run messaging, database, and otherserver-based applications efficiently in a client/server network is anessential requirement of most modern networks. Multiprocessor supportis an essential component, as is fault tolerance, high-quality developmenttools, and application support from third-party vendors. Hardware integration is also a key issuesince the NOS should be able to run on hardware which is readily availableat reasonable rates, and which is likely to continue to be available inthe future. Both the type of processor and the ability to use morethan one processor are important considerations in this regard. Arelated issue is the networking infrastructure, which includes the easeof use of the network transfer protocols and how well the server softwareprocesses multiple LAN adapters and internal routing. Should the united states end drug prohibition EssayWindows NTWhen it comes to application services,Windows NT Server offers strong support for multiple as well as non-Intelprocessors along with abundant APIs, and applications from third-partyapplication vendors. In addition, Windows NT uses a domain namingand security setup. Similar to the naming service offered by Novell,the domain system gives users easy access to the network, but only afteran exchange of verification information takes place between domain serversthat trust each other. Windows NT servers are make using theInternet Protocol (IP) easier than NetWare does; IP carries the favoritesorting tags of the powerful Internet working routers, while NetWare IPXdoes not convey all of the routing information of IP. The situationhas improved, however, now that NetWare provides NetWare/IP. RecognizingNovells strong presence in the NOS market, Microsoft has also adoptedNovells network transport protocol, IPX/SPX, yielding software flexibilityon servers and extended options in extensions to the network. Microsoft Windows NT Server 3.51 offersa combination of good file and print capabilities, excellent applicationservices, and optional messaging, database, mainframe connectivity, andmanagement applications contained in Microsofts BackOffice applicationssuite. The products that make up Microsoft BackOffice integrate wellwith one another and with the Windows NT Server to provide many of thefunctions a network operating environment needs. However, Windows NT Server lacks powerfulnaming services. Windows NT Servers naming services are based on domains,each of which can contain only one defined organization. It is possibleto link domains so that users in one domain can easily access the filesand services of another. However, the process of setting up and managingthese links is more complex and cumbersome than working with NetWare. ConclusionBecause of the way in which network operatingsystems are currently written, and because of the strengths and weaknessesof NetWare and Windows NT, neither solution is the appropriate solutionfor every type of business or every type of network environment. Instead, the type of environment in which the NOS will be placed determinesthe correct product. If the organization is using a local network onlyto store word processing and spreadsheet files and to print, theneither NetWare or Windows NT offers a reasonable alternative as the NOSof choice since both handle these functions with ease. If the system includes a number of geographiclocations and information and requests for functions is passed among sophisticatedapplications, a richer and more robust environment is needed. A numberof organizations have turned to combining network operating systems inorder to support these more sophisticated needs. In these situations,the users gain the strengths of both systems while eliminating their weaknesses(the domain dependence of Windows NT, for example). BibliographyDryden, Patrick. Server Tune-UpHelps NT, NetWare Efficiency. Computerworld, November 11, 1996, 65-66. Microsoft Support. http://www.microsoft.com/support/. Newman, David and David Hurd. SMP:Expect the Unexpected. Data Communications, 21 March 1996, 56-63. Stanczak, Mark. NetWare, NT Server Command-Central.PC Week, 15 January 1996, N1-N2. __________. NOSes Challenge the Powerof Next-Generation Hardware. PC Week, 1 April 1996, 75-76. Support. http://support.novell.com. Surkan, Michael. NetWare SMP Cant KeepUp with the Competition. PC Week, 1 April 1996, 78. Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. Web-ServerBeats Novells NetWare Entry in Both Versatility and Capacity. Byte, May1996, 113-115.

Medicinal Marijuana Essays - Neurochemistry, Medicine, Cannabis

Medicinal Marijuana Marijuana when used in the medical sense is beneficial to not only the patient's health but to their financial status as well. In this report you'll see many reasons why we believe this. Medical marijuana is used in many treatments. We are not obviously the only people who believe this either. In the last 20 years, 36 states have passed some form of legislation recognizing the medical value of marijuana. In 1996, voters in both Arizona and California passed laws allowing the medical use of marijuana. In 1998 Alaska, Washington and Oregon passed medical use marijuana laws, and in 1999 Maine passed a similar law (Grinspoon, 5). The chronic effects of marijuana are of greater concern for medical use and fall into two categories: the effects of chronic smoking, and the effects of THC. Marijuana smoking is associated with abnormalities of cells lining the human respiratory tract. Marijuana smoke, like tobacco smoke, is associated with increased risk of cancer, lung damage, and poor pregnancy outcomes. It is the most widely used illicit drug, marijuana is predictably the first illicit drug most people Although studies all suggest that marijuana smoke is an important risk factor for the development of respiratory cancer, proof of this is yet to be seen (Iverson, 21). Marijuana is not a completely benign substance. However, except for the harms associated with smoking, the adverse effects of marijuana use are within the range of effects tolerated for other medications. The harmful effects to individuals from the perspective of possible medical use of marijuana are not necessarily the same as the harmful physical effects of drug abuse (Iverson, 24). For most people, the primary adverse effect of acute marijuana use is diminished psychomotor performance. It is, therefore, inadvisable to operate any vehicle or potentially dangerous equipment while under the influence of marijuana, THC, or any cannabinoid drug with comparable effects (Zimmerman, 45). A minority of marijuana users experience dysphoria, or unpleasant feelings. THC is the primary psychoactive ingredient in marijuana. Cannabinoids are the group of compounds related to THC, whether found in the marijuana plant, in animals, or synthesized in chemistry laboratories. Cannabinoids likely have a natural role in pain modulation, control of movement, and memory. The natural role of cannabinoids in immune systems is likely multifaceted and remains unclear. The brain can and will develop a tolerance to cannabinoids after a prolonged use of marijuana (Joy). Animal research has shown the possibility that dependence will occur, but this possibility is much lower than the chance of developing a dependence on benzodiazepines, opiates, cocaine, or nicotine. Withdrawal symptoms have also been seen in animal testing. The symptoms are much milder than the symptoms of withdrawal from some prescribed medications such as Valium and Codeine (Mathre, 25). Chemotherapy can often prolong someone's life for many years. In some cases, a complete cure can be obtained. Unfortunately, chemotherapy has many side effects associated with it that are not pleasant in the least bit. Patients sometimes find these effects so distressing they abandon chemotherapy entirely. People with AIDS (Acquired Immune Disease) also experience these problems (Zimmerman, 59). Studies with marijuana have shown that marijuana reduces the nausea and vomiting often associated with chemotherapy treatments. Because the marijuana does this, it provides two other benefits. The patient is able to retain food and maintain body strength and he or she can tolerate the chemotherapy treatments for a longer amount of time in order to live longer (Mathre, 68). In September 1988, the chief administrative law judge of the Drug Enforcement Administration ruled that marijuana has medical value in the treatment of side effects caused by cancer chemotherapy. His decision was over-ruled by the administrator of the DEA and marijuana remained illegal for medical purposes until recently (Grinspoon, 16). Glaucoma is another illness that marijuana has been shown to help. Glaucoma can strike people of all ages but is most often found among those over 65. The most common form of glaucoma is chronic or open-angle glaucoma. The symptoms of glaucoma include pressure within the eye, intraocular pressure or IOP, which can cause damage to the optic nerve if it is not controlled effectively. A 30% drop in eye pressure has been found in glaucoma patients when

Learn Some Conjugations for the Italian Verb Telefonare

Learn Some Conjugations for the Italian Verb Telefonare When learning Italian, students naturally tend to look for grammatical patterns. Studying Italian verbs in a programmatic fashion is a wise idea because its an efficient use of time, and Italian verbs are classified in a variety of ways. When studying Italian verbs, though, avoid the temptation to make absolute comparisons to English. Although there are many similarities between the two languages, there are also many fundamental differences. Lets take a look at the verb  telefonare (to telephone). Regular  first-conjugation Italian verbTransitive verb (takes a  direct object) or intransitive verb (does not take a  direct object) conjugated with the  auxiliary verb  avere Indicative/Indicativo Presente io telefono tu telefoni lui, lei, Lei telefona noi telefoniamo voi telefonate loro, Loro telefonano Imperfetto io telefonavo tu telefonavi lui, lei, Lei telefonava noi telefonavamo voi telefonavate loro, Loro telefonavano Passato Remoto io telefonai tu telefonasti lui, lei, Lei telefon noi telefonammo voi telefonaste loro, Loro telefonarono Futuro Semplice io telefoner tu telefonerai lui, lei, Lei telefoner noi telefoneremo voi telefonerete loro, Loro telefoneranno Passato Prossimo io ho telefonato tu hai telefonato lui, lei, Lei ha telefonato noi abbiamo telefonato voi avete telefonato loro, Loro hanno telefonato Trapassato Prossimo io avevo telefonato tu avevi telefonato lui, lei, Lei aveva telefonato noi avevamo telefonato voi avevate telefonato loro, Loro avevano telefonato Trapassato Remoto io ebbi telefonato tu avesti telefonato lui, lei, Lei ebbe telefonato noi avemmo telefonato voi aveste telefonato loro, Loro ebbero telefonato Future Anteriore io avr telefonato tu avrai telefonato lui, lei, Lei avr telefonato noi avremo telefonato voi avrete telefonato loro, Loro avranno telefonato Subjunctive/Congiuntivo Presente io telefoni tu telefoni lui, lei, Lei telefoni noi telefoniamo voi telefoniate loro, Loro telefonino Imperfetto io telefonassi tu telefonassi lui, lei, Lei telefonasse noi telefonassimo voi telefonaste loro, Loro telefonassero Passato io abbia telefonato tu abbia telefonato lui, lei, Lei abbia telefonato noi abbiamo telefonato voi abbiate telefonato loro, Loro abbiano telefonato Trapassato io avessi telefonato tu avessi telefonato lui, lei, Lei avesse telefonato noi avessimo telefonato voi aveste telefonato loro, Loro avessero telefonato Conditional/Condizionale Presente io telefonerei tu telefoneresti lui, lei, Lei telefonerebbe noi telefoneremmo voi telefonereste loro, Loro telefonerebbero Passato io avrei telefonato tu avresti telefonato lui, lei, Lei avrebbe telefonato noi avremmo telefonato voi avreste telefonato loro, Loro avrebbero telefonato Imperative/Imperativo Presente - telefona, telefoni, telefoniamo, telefonate, telefonino Infinitive/Infinito Presente  - telefonare Passato - avere telefonato Participle/Participio Presente - telefonante Passato  - telefonato Gerund/Gerundio Presente  - telefonando Passato - avendo telefonato

ET & D Q1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ET & D Q1 - Essay Example Formal Learning on Training and development in the Workplace Formal learning is a guided training of the stakeholders. It is a structured, instruction, and guided learning process. It can take place on or off the job but it involves a preparation of an expert or a trainer. The on the job methods include; coaching, job rotations, planned work activities, and training programs. Coaching involves the training of the inferior employee by the superior employee (Hafler, 2011). The job rotations involve the movement of the managers from one position to another to enhance familiarity and experience of the employees. Training positions can also be given to the staff members in different committees to assist them to gain insight in the job. Off the job, training methods are mainly aimed at transferring individuals from the on-going demands and stresses. The employees meet people from other departments, and this provides an opportunity to obtain new ideas when undertaking other contracts. It in volves case studies, business simulations and games, and role-playing (Islam, 2007). Formal learning is an essential part of the development learning practice carried out by the human resource department. It involves the designing and delivery of the formal interventions of making the employees to learn from the trainers. It mostly takes place in the form of a seminar, workshop, or a conference. The training is delivered in the right manner in order to have the required impact to the trainee. The human resource department provides the appropriate standards of the training, the duration of the training, and ensures that the formal training aids in achieving the appropriate objectives. The trainings are usually easy and convenient to understand in order to allow the employees to create a rapport with it in the workplace. Therefore, the training is focused on the learning and the learners, and it is designed to maximize the transfer training. Benefits of the training and development Fo rmal trainings and job development strategies are aimed towards an improved job performance and other positive changes. It imposes the proper job performance behaviour and other unprecedented effects to the organization. This depends on the training delivery method. The impact the trainer enforces on the trainee determines this productivity. The employee is installed with the most current and competitive skills that enables them to stay sensitive to the dynamics. They are able to learn from other trainers on better job performance. The information on the best practices is displayed through the personal and the intrapersonal skills. Therefore, the minorities are able to get advanced in their job knowledge and hence fostering productivity (Clifford & Thorpe, 2007). Trainings also provide the opportunity for employee satisfaction. The employee becomes aware of their requirements through their interaction with other people from the same job fraternity. The sharing of experience between them aids in the fostering of the working relationships. The employee learns to appreciate the dynamics of their jobs, and works towards the achievement of the collective objective. The improvement of the skills they acquire may have the cognitive effect of increasing their morale. The employees acquire the confidence and become competitive in different fields. This may be so beneficial in the debt collection period since their